AAVSB VTNE Prep Online

Malignant hyperthermia is characterized by a sudden hypermetabolic crisis during anesthesia, classically causing a rapid rise in ETCO2, tachycardia, muscle rigidity, and a quickly increasing body temperature. A key clue is that ETCO2 may continue to rise despite increased ventilation. Hypoventilation can increase ETCO2, but ETCO2 should improve when minute ventilation is increased, and it does not typically cause marked muscle rigidity with a rapidly rising temperature. Hypothermia involves a decreasing body temperature and is not consistent with a rapidly rising temperature. Anesthetic overdose more commonly causes cardiovascular and respiratory depression (such as hypotension and decreased ventilation) rather than the combination of persistent hypercapnia with muscle rigidity and rapidly increasing temperature.

To convert the dosage of 6 mcg/kg/min to mg/kg/hr, follow these steps: First, convert the infusion rate with time: 6 mcg/kg/min multiplied by 60 minutes to find the hourly rate: 360 mcg/kg/hr. Next, change from micrograms to milligrams: 360 mcg is the same as 0.36 mg (since 1000 mcg = 1 mg). Therefore, the dosage in mg/kg/hr is 0.36 mg/kg/hr.

During estrus in the bitch, vaginal cytology typically shows a predominance of cornified (superficial) epithelial cells, often exceeding 80%, with relatively few neutrophils. This pattern reflects maximal estrogen effect on the vaginal epithelium. Ovulation in dogs generally occurs several days after the onset of estrus (commonly around 2–4 days), so the choice describing “>80% cornified (superficial) epithelial cells” with ovulation “about 2–4 days after estrus begins” best fits estrus. Findings dominated by parabasal cells with neutrophils are more consistent with anestrus or nonspecific inflammation. Numerous red blood cells with increasing superficial cells is more typical of proestrus. An abrupt return to parabasal/intermediate cells with neutrophils characterizes diestrus/metestrus (post-estrus), not the time of expected ovulation.